青岛大学-622基础英语（2）【2015】考研真题
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青岛大学 2015 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码： 622 科目名称： 基础英语（2）（共 12 页）
请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效
Part I. Cloze (20 points)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there
are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best
fits into the passage.
Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in
shaping the way a person develops. 1 their view, child development is
guided by both deliberate and 2 learning experiences in the home, peer
groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly
3 by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to 4 children in
desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same 5 that explain
how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire
social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the 6 skills
of walking and running.
One kind of learning occurs when a child’s actions are 7 by a reward
or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that
behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may 8 draw
pictures because she receives praise from her parents after 9 each one. A
punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For
example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not 10
to touch the stove again.
11 kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person
makes a 12 association between two events. For example, babies begin
sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing 13 , children fear dogs
whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning 14 of
imitating the behavior of others. A boy may acquire his father’s 15 of
2
talking, his mother’s tendency to roll her eyes, and his favorite basketball
player’s moves 16 the court. In doing so, he also acquires 17
about the consequences of these behaviors.
Learning theories provide extremely useful ways of understanding how
developmental changes in behavior and thinking 18 and, for some
children, why behavior problems arise. These theories can be studied
scientifically and practically applied. Critics point out, 19 , that learning
theories sometimes neglect children’s 20 role in their own understanding
and development.
1. A. With B. From C. For D. In
2. A. unintended B. uninvolved C. undiscovered D. unlimited
3. A. achieved B. created C. developed D. shaped
4. A. moralize B. recognize C. socialize D. standardize
5. A. considerations B. instructions C. principles D. tendencies
6. A. physical B. personal C. original D. technical
7. A. directed B. followed C. pursued D. tracked
8. A. continuously B. immediately C. occasionally D. regularly
9. A. completing B. fulfilling C. handling D. obtaining
10. A. liable B. likely C. possible D. ready
11. A. Another B. Next C. One D. Other
12. A. emotional B. intellectual C. mental D. spiritual
13. A. condition B. location C. posture D. situation
14. A. contains B. consists C. comprises D. composes
15. A. custom B. means C. type D. style
16. A. over B. on C. in D. at
17. A. estimations B. evaluations C. explorations D. expectations
18. A. appear B. emerge C. exist D. occur
19. A. accordingly B. however C. moreover D. therefore
20. A. active B. dominant C. positive D. social
3
Part II. Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by
some questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.
Choose the one that you think is the best answer.
Passage One
Shopping has become a cloak-and-dagger affair. Conspicuous consumption
does not look good during a recession, which explains why so many of us are
embracing e-commerce. Online shopping on these shores is projected to grow
from sales of £8.9bn to around £21.3bn by the end of 2011.
Often people proclaim they’ve embraced e-commerce because it’s “green”.
This is understandable. If many shopping bags in a recession look bad, bricks
and mortar retail --- huge out-of-town shopping centers, retail emporia that
insist on leaving their doors open even in winter and grocery stores full of the
most inefficient freezers --- look terrible during an ecological emergency.
Should we buy the idea that e-commerce is any better? Several studies
have tried to answer this with cold, hard data.
A 2000 study on Webvan, a now defunct US online grocer, concluded that a
wider adoption of e-commerce would not give us environmental gains, while a
2002 study of US book retailing found no greater energy savings selling online.
But the study that all e-tailers are talking about is a new one from Carnegie
Mellon University, which has found that shopping online via Buy.com’s
e-commerce model for electronic products uses 35 per cent less energy
consumption and CO2 emissions than a traditional bricks-and-mortar model.
This is largely because it avoids the usual retail distribution model and, of
course, the impact of consumers driving to a store (the average person drives
14 miles in total, to purchase three items).
But both models are flawed, because online or on the street, retailers are
dependent on a hydrocarbon-fuelled delivery system. Trucks deliver 4.8m tons
of freight each day in the UK, which works out at about 80kg per person. To
make matters worse, after a truck drops off the goods it often returns empty to
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1青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：622科目名称：基础英语（2）（共12页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PartI.Cloze(20points)Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoumustchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.Learningtheoristsemphasizetheroleofenvironmentalinfluencesinsha...
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