山东科技大学211翻译硕士英语2019年考研真题
2024-02-04
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Part I Reading Comprehension(2*25=50 points)
Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed
by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four
choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best choice.
Passage 1
Economic inequality is the “defining challenge of our time, ” President
Barack Obama declared in a speech last month to the Center for American
Progress. Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn’t
look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because
inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to
escape from poverty. “Increased inequality and decreasing mobility pose a
fundamental threat to the American Dream,” he said.
Obama is only the most prominent public figure to declare inequality.
Public Enemy No. 1 and the greatest threat to reducing poverty in America. A
number of prominent economists have also argued that it’s harder for the poor
to climb the economic ladder today because the rungs in that ladder have
grown farther apart.
For all the new attention devoted to the 1 percent, a new data set from the
Equality of Opportunity Project at Harvard and Berkeley suggests that, if we
care about upward mobility overall, we’re vastly exaggerating the dangers of
the rich-poor gap. Inequality itself is not a particularly strong predictor of
economic mobility, as sociologist Scott Winship noted in a recent article based
on his analysis of this data. So what factors, at the community level, do predict
if poor children will move up the economic ladder as adults? What explains,
for instance, why the Salt Lake City metro area is one of the 100 largest
metropolitan areas most likely to lift the fortunes of the poor and the Atlanta
metro area is one of the least likely?
Harvard economist Raj Chetty has pointed to economic and racial
segregation, community density, the size of a community’s middle class, the
quality of schools, community religiosity, and family structure, which he calls
the “single strongest correlate of upward mobility.” Chetty finds that
communities like Salt Lake City, with high levels of two-parent families and
religiosity, are much more likely to see poor children get ahead than
communities like Atlanta, with high levels of racial and economic segregation.
Chetty has not yet issued a comprehensive analysis of the relative
predictive power of each of these factors. Based on my analyses of the data, of
the factors that Chetty has highlighted, the following three seem to be most
predictive of upward mobility in a given community:
No.1 Income growth
No.2 Prevalence of single mothers (where correlation is strong, but negative)
No.3 Per-capita local government spending
In other words, communities with high levels of per-capita income
growth, high percentages of two-parent families, and high local government
spending which may stand for good schools are the most likely to help poor
children relive Horatio Alger’s rags-to-riches story.
1. How does Obama view economic inequality?
A. It is the biggest obstacle to social mobility.
B. It is the greatest threat to social stability.
C. It is the No. 1 enemy of income growth.
D. It is the most malicious social evil of our time.
2. What do we learn about the inequality gap from Scott Winship’s data
analysis?
A. It is fast widening across most parts of America.
B. It is not a reliable indicator of economic mobility.
C. It is not correctly interpreted.
D. It is overwhelmingly ignored.
3. Compared with Atlanta, metropolitan Salt Lake City is said to___________.
A. have placed religious beliefs above party politics
B. have bridged the gap between the rich and the poor
C. offer poor children more chances to climb the social ladder
D. suffer from higher levels of racial and economic segregation
4. What is strongly correlated with social mobility according to economist Raj
Chetty?
A. Family structure.
B. Racial equality.
C. School education.
D. Community density.
5. What does the author seem to suggest?
A. It is important to increase the size of the middle class.
B. It is highly important to expand the metropolitan areas.
C. It is most imperative to focus our efforts on the elimination of income
inequality.
D. It is better to start from the community to help poor children move up
the social ladder.
Passage 2
Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing
clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be.
They tell us a good deal about the wearer’s background, personality, status,
mood, and social outlook.
Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we
can use them to manipulate people’s impression of us. Our appearance
assumes particular significance in the initial phases of interaction that is likely
to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be alienated by a young
adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless of the person’s
education, background, or interests.
People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent
girls can easily agree on the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits,
including the number of boyfriends they likely have had and whether they
smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers, who read the news on TV,
are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are
dressed conservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking
an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are concerned about
the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully. Moreover, many
of us can relate instances in which the clothing we wore changed the way we
felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain
confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview,
or a court appearance.
In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role
models for achieving success. It has been otherwise for women. A good many
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PartIReadingComprehension(2*25=50points)Directions:Therearefivepassagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthem,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Decideonthebestchoice.Passage1Economicinequalityisthe“definingchallengeofourtime,”PresidentBarackObamadecla...
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