杭州师范大学243二外英语2014年考研真题
2024-02-11
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杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸
2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 11 页，第1 页）
杭 州 师 范 大 学
2014 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题
考试科目代码： 243
考试科目名称： 二外英语
说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。
Part I Reading Comprehension（Skimming and Scanning）(2’*10=20’)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the
questions on Answer Sheet.
For questions I - 7, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG(for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 8 - 10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Will We Run Out of Water?
Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then
imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and
spewing them across towns and villages.
Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral
sea (咸 海 ) in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the
rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for ) farmland. As a result, the sea has
shrunk to half its original size, stranding (使搁浅) ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt
content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.
Similar large-scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in
ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to
build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems
杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸
2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 11 页，第2 页）
than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will
need more water in the next century.
“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H.Gleick, an
environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and
Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third
of the world’s projected (预测的) 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.
WHERE WATER GOES
Only 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing
food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two-thirds
of this freshwater is locked in glaciers (冰山) and ice caps (冰盖). In fact, only a tiny percentage of
freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then
condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation (rain or snow).
Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water
that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the
Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the world’s population has access to
only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwater--about the amount of water in Lake Superior(苏必利尔
湖). And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says
Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic (水的) environment.”
CLOSE TO HOME
Water woes (灾难) may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States.
But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater.
Groundwater accumulates in aquifers (地下蓄水层)，layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil
and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.)
Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of
them for water faster than nature can replenish(补 充 ) it. In northwest Texas, for example,
overpumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.
Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United
States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day
unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the
Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap
water tainted with cryptosporidium (隐孢子虫)，a microbe (微生物) that causes fever, diarrhea (腹
泻) and vomiting.
THE SOURCE
Where so contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw (未经处理的)
sewage(污 水 ) into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and
cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne (饮水传染的) diseases.
杭 州 师 范 大 学 硕 士 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 命 题 纸
2014 年 考试科目代码 243 考试科目名称 二外英语 （本考试科目共 11 页，第3 页）
In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range
of products.Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain
compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (多氯化联二苯)，or PCBs, have been banned in the
United States.
But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car
antifreeze, and paint thinners (稀释剂) down the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals.
Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants
could be traced to household waste.
Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds
and insects pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogen--rich fertilizer that helps plants
grow but that can wreak havoc (大破坏) on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface
runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the
buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water
of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.
WHAT’S THE SOLUTION?
Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water-related problems.
Governments, for instance, would be better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and
disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.
“More than 1 billion people worldwide don’t have access to basic clean drinking water,” says
Gleick, “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone--governments and ordinary people--
to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”
1. That the huge water projects have diverted the rivers causes the Aral Sea to shrink.
2. The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects does more good than harm.
3. The chief causes of water shortage are population growth and water pollution.
4. The problems Americans face concerning water are ground water shrinkage and tap water
pollution.
5. According to the passage all water pollutants come from household waste.
6. The people living in the United States will not be faced with water shortages.
7. Water expert Gleick has come up with the best solution to water-related problems.
8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as ___________of the world’s people
will suffer from water shortages.
9. Two thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in ___________ .
10. In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be
treated in order to avoid ___________.
摘要：
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杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸2014年考试科目代码243考试科目名称二外英语（本考试科目共11页，第1页）杭州师范大学2014年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题考试科目代码：243考试科目名称：二外英语说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。PartIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）(2’*10=20’)Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet.Forquestions...
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