山东师范大学 711基础英语 2010年
2024-02-11
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1.
Reading Section (;it 50 ?t)
Please read the following passages and then answer all the questions based on them
..
(A)
WHY SHOULD anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding
Dictionmy
of
National
Biography? I do not mean that it
is
bad, as the reviewers will agree. But it will cost you 65 pounds.
And have you got the rest
of
volumes?
You
need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial
supplements to bring the total to 31?
Of
course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries
will
want the new volume. After all, it adds 1,068 lives
of
people who escaped the net
of
the
original compilers.
Yet
in
10
year's time a revised version
of
the whole caboodle, called the New
Dictionary
of
National Biography, will
be
published. Its' editor, professor Colin Matthew, tells me
that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13, 000 more than in the current DNB. This
rather puts the 1,068 in Missing Persons in the shade.
When
Dr.
Nicholls wrote to The Spectator
in
1989 asking for names
of
people whom readers
had looked up
in
the DNB and had been disappointed not
to
find, she says that she received some
100,000 suggestions. (Well, she had written
to
"other quality newspapers" too.)
As
soon as her
committee had whittled the numbers down, the professional problems
of
an editor began.
Contributors didn't file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50,000 words instead
of
500
is
a record, according
to
Dr.
Nicholls.
There remains the dinner-party game
of
who's in, who's
out
That
is
a game that the reviewers
have played and will continue to play. Criminals were my initial worry. After all, the original
edition
) I
,
of
the
DNB
boasted: Malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received
hardly less attention than benefactors.
Mr.
John Gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he
complains that, while the murderer Christie,
is
in, Crippen
is
out. One might say in reply that the
injustice
of
the hanging
of
Evans instead
of
Christie (entry
in
MiSSing Persons) notes. But then
Crippen was reputed as the first murderer
to
be caught by telegraphy (he had tried to escape by ship
to America).
It
is
surprising to find Max Miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in.
There has been a conscious effort to put
in
artists and architects from the Middle Ages. About their
lives not much
is
always known.
Of
Hugo
of
Bury St Edmunds, a
12
th
-century illuminator whose dates
of
birth and death are
not recorded, his biographer comments: "Whether or not Hugo was a wall-painter, the records
of
his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility." Then there had to be more
women, too (12 per cent, against the original DBN's 3), such as Roy Strong's subject, the Tudor
painter Levina Teerlinc,
of
whom he remarks:
"Her
most characteristic feature
is
a head attached to
a too small, spindly body. Her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory."
Doesn't
seem
to qualify her as a memorable artist. Yet it may be better than the record
of
the original DNB, which
included lives
of
people who never existed (such as Merlin) and even managed to give thanks to J.
W.
Clerke as a contributor, though, as a later edition admits
in
a shamefaced footnote, "except for
the entry
in
the List
of
contributors there
is
no trace
of
J.
W.
Clerke."
1.
The writer suggests that there
is
sense
in
buying the latest volume f[)
A. because it
is
not worth the price
B. because it has fewer entries than before
C.
unless one has all the volumes in his collection
D. unless an expanded DNB will come out shortly
2.
On the issue
of
who should be included
in
the DNB, the writer seems to suggest that --0-.
A. the editors had clear rules to follow
B. there were too many criminals
in
the entries
C. the editors clearly favored benefactors
D. the editors were irrational in their choices
3. Crippen was absent from the
DNB~.
A. because he escaped to the
U.s.
B. because death sentence had been abolished
)
:m
2
C.
D. because
of
the editor's mistake
4.
The author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph
to~.
A. illustrate some features
of
the DNB
B.
give emphasis to his argument
C. impress the reader with its content
D. highlight the people in the Middle Ages
5.
Throughout the passage, the writers' tone towards the
DNB
was~.
A. complimentary B. supportive
C.
sarcastic D. bitter
(B)
The world
of
microbes
is
vast and varied.
It
embraces all microscopic forms,
of
different shapes
and sizes, with the diverse colors and contrasting metabolic activities that are encountered in
well-known groups
of
micro-organisms commonly referred to as viruses, bacteria, yeast, etc.
Whereas some
of
these forms are man's best friends, others are among his worst enemies.
The friendly variety includes microbial species that ferment man's beer, destroy and transform
his wastes, furnish food adjuncts to vary his diet and nutrition, and enrich the soil
in
which he
cultivates his vegetable foods. One third
of
the total microbial population, on the other hand,
comprises the species that attack his crops, destroy and rot his foods, cause diseases
in
his animals,
increase his sufferings and shorten his life with fatal diseases like tuberculosis.
Because he could not observe these friends and foes, or comprehend their interactions with
him in observed phenomena, man remained ignorant
of
and blind to these little "animalcules" until
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch linen merchant who specialized in the grinding
of
powerful glass
lenses, first saw and described bacteria. Since then the frontiers
of
the world
of
microbes have been
gradually pushed back by the use
of
newer microscopes, techniques and visual reagents.
Consequently, the mystery
of
the microbes had been revealed step
by
step, as the crude lens has
evolved into the sophisticated electron microscope. As a result
of
the breakthrough into the visible
world, thousands
of
different microbial forms were seen for the first time and man began to
understand the nature
of
the microbes and, more particularly, their interactions with him and his
environment. The simple yet spectacular contributions from the classical pioneers Pasteur and
Koch helped dispel speculation, traditional knowledge and untested theory in the explanation
of
man's observed and recurrent phenomena by the establishment
of
scientific fact, creativity and
reasoning.
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